practice+and+application

 **Hands-on Materials and/or Manipulatives for Practice: ** Students have a greater chance of mastering content concepts and skills when :
 * given multiple opportunities to practice
 * practice is in relevant, meaningful ways
 * practice includes “hands-on “ experiences

**Planning for hands-on practice**:
 * Divide content into meaningful short chunks—chunk by __meaning, not just length__
 * Time for practice should be short—10-15 minutes
 * New learning should have several short practices __close together__
 * Older learning should be practices __distributed__ further apart—review material periodically
 * Give students immediate feedback on how well they have done

**Application of Content and Language Knowledge: ** Abstract concepts and new information needs to be applied in a personally relevant way-- **Discussing and “doing” **make abstract concepts concrete. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Opportunities for **social interaction** promote language development. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Modeling correct English **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Writing in a diary format through a character
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Making and Playing a game for content review (Jeopardy, Bingo, Wheel of Fortune…)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Creating a semantic map
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Writing test questions to ask another student
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Teaching concepts to another student
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Clustering
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Making and using graphic organizers
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Solving problems in cooperative groups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Engaging in discussion circles
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Partnering students in a project before independent work
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Small group discussions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Working with partners
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Reporting out information orally and in writing
 * <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">after a student has made a pronunciation or grammar error can gently but effectively instill appropriate usage.

**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;">Integration of Language Skills: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Reading, writing, listening, and speaking are interrelated and integrated naturally—we read when we write, we listen when we are talking with someone, etc.


 * <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Most young children become grammatically competent in their home language by age 5—for ELL students, the teacher needs to develop language skills in a holistic manner.


 * <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Practice in any one area (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) promotes developmentin the others.


 * <span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 120%;">Connections between abstract and concrete concepts are best accomplished when all language processes—reading, writing, listening, and speaking—are incorporated during practice and application.